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KMID : 0352720090330040367
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Journal of Ginseng Research
2009 Volume.33 No. 4 p.367 ~ p.377
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Beneficial Effect of Korea Red Ginseng on Halitosis; Attenuation of H₂S Induced Inflammatory Mediators and cystathionine γ-lyase Expression
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Choi Ki-Seok
Lee So-Jung
Lee Jeong-Sang
Hong Kyung-Sook
Kim Jeong-Gon
Kim Yoon-Jae
Hahm Ki-Baik
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Abstract
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Halitosis is a generally accepted marker of diseases in the oral cavity and of systemic and gastrointestinal disorders. Based on these authors’ previous findings (that (1) there is a close association between H. pylori infection and halitosis; (2) Korea red ginseng may suppress the colonization of H. pylori, fight H. pylori-induced cytotoxicity, and impose significant anti-inflammatory actions in patients with chronic gastritis; and (3) H. pylori infection is linked with the generation of significant levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), and the levels of VSCs correlate significantly with H. pylori-associated mucosal damages), in the current study, the authors documented the molecular mechanisms of Korea red ginseng’s efficacy in ameliorating halitosis. When the RAW 264.7 cells were treated with the H₂S releasing compound NaHS, the mRNA expression of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS were more significantly induced compared with the vehicle-treated group. The cytoskeletal components of ezrin’s and moesin’s mRNA expressions were elevated by NaHS treatment accompanied by the activation of MAPK, p38, and ERK. Korea red ginseng pretreatment reduced both the NaHS-induced CSE expression and the proinflammatory genes (e.g., IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS) in a concentration-dependent manner. The ERM expression and the phosphorylation of p38 were also significantly reduced by Korea-red-ginseng pretreatment. Overall, Korea red ginseng pretreatment imposed significant anti-inflammatory effects through the downregulation of the NaHS-triggered proinflammatory gene expression, CSE, and ERM mRNA expression. Korea red ginseng could thus be said to be a key remedy of halitosis and to be effective in relieving gastric inflammation.
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KEYWORD
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halitosis, H₂S, H. pylori, korea red ginseng, inflammation
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